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What Animal Is On The California Flag

Written By Saturday, May 14, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Extinct subspecies of carnivore

California grizzly deport
Ursus arctos californicus, Santa Barbara, Natural History Museum.jpg
Specimen at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

Conservation status


Extinct  (1924) (IUCN 3.i)

Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Form: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species:

U. arctos

Subspecies:

† U. a. californicus

Trinomial name
† Ursus arctos californicus

Merriam 1896 [ane]

Synonyms
  • colusus Merriam, 1914
  • henshawi Merriam, 1914
  • klamathensis Merriam, 1914
  • magister Merriam, 1914
  • mendocinensis Merriam, 1916
  • tularensis Merriam, 1914

The California grizzly carry (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct population or subspecies of the brown bear, more often than not known (together with other N American brown bear populations) as the grizzly bear. "Grizzly" could have meant "grizzled" – that is, with aureate and greyness tips of the hair – or "fear-inspiring" (equally a phonetic spelling of "grisly").[2] Withal, later on conscientious written report, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, simply for its character – as Ursus horribilis ("terrifying carry").[3] Genetically, North American brownish bears are closely related;[4] in size and coloring, the California grizzly deport was much like the Kodiak bear of the southern coast of Alaska. In California, it was especially admired for its dazzler, size, and strength. The grizzly became a symbol of the Bear Flag Republic, a moniker that was attached to the brusque-lived attempt by a group of U.S. settlers to break away from United mexican states in 1846. Afterwards, this rebel flag became the basis for the land flag of California, and so California was known as the "Bear State."[5]

Nomenclature [edit]

A 1953 researcher stated, "The specific status of North American brown bears (or grizzly bears) is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy. The difficulty stems direct from the piece of work of Merriam (1918), who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies (and brown bears) in North America."[half-dozen]

North American brown bears were taxonomically grouped as a species apart from other acquit species, until DNA testing revealed that they should properly be grouped in the aforementioned species every bit the other brown bears.[4] Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies, just the but genetically dissonant grouping in North America is the ABC Islands bears.[7]

History and extinction [edit]

Original population [edit]

Prior to Castilian settlement in the second one-half of the 1700s, it is estimated that x,000 grizzly bears inhabited what is modern-twenty-four hours California.[8] It is thought that the bears lived across almost the entirety of the country, salvage its well-nigh southeastern and northeastern corners. Probably the southernmost records for this subspecies are from the Sierra de Juárez, during the 18th century. The bears ate a various diet from California'south varied climates, ranging from plant sources like grasses, seeds, and berries, and acorns, to animal sources such equally deer, salmon, steelhead, and carrion – including beached whale carcasses.[9] [10] [11]

European contact [edit]

Europeans' first recorded encounters with California grizzly bears are found in diaries kept by several members of the 1769 Portola expedition, the first European country exploration of what is at present the state of California. Several place names that include the Castilian discussion for carry (oso) trace their origins dorsum to that first overland expedition (e.yard. Los Osos). Every bit the settled borderland of New Spain was extended northward, settlers began to populate California and establish large cattle herds equally the primary manufacture. The ranchers' domesticated livestock were piece of cake casualty for the grizzly bears roaming freely beyond the state. By eating their livelihood and scaring them, the grizzlies became enemies of the rancheros. Vaqueros hunted the grizzlies, often roping and capturing them to be pitted against other animals in public battles.[v]

The California grizzly was an enormous comport. Father Pedro Font, an early on missionary, described the local grizzly bears, writing, "He was horrible, trigger-happy, large, and fat."[xi] In the 1800s, multiple paper accounts mentioned bears weighing well over ane,000 pounds (450 kg) . The hind foot of one particular adult male grizzly was measured at 12 inches (300 mm) long past viii inches (200 mm) broad, and claws were frequently 2 inches (51 mm) wide past iii.5 inches (89 mm) long.[12] In 1866, a grizzly bear described equally weighing as much as 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) was killed in what is present-day Valley Center, California. The incident was recalled in 1932 by Catherine E. Lovett Smith, who witnessed the deport's killing on her family's ranch when she was six years old. If its measurements are authentic, this particular carry was the biggest comport e'er institute in California and, indeed, one of the largest specimens of any bear species always recorded. (Other sources ostend Lovett Smith's account of the acquit, but differ as to its exact size.) Her telling of that comport is role of the oral history of "Deport Valley," the original name for Valley Center.[8] The behave ranged as far south every bit the Big Sur region of central California. Frank Mail service, born in 1859 on the Soberanes Ranch in Big Sur, remembered when his family unit lived at Soberanes Creek, during the American Civil War – and the "Great Sur Bears."[11]

Extinction [edit]

In the belatedly 1700s, Spanish ranchers placed a poisoned "bait ball" made of suet or swine entrails filled with a lethal dose of strychnine which they hung from the branches of a tree within reach of the acquit but out of accomplish of dogs and children.[eleven] [xiii] : 21 Mexican settlers captured bears for comport and bull fights and they also sold their skins for 6 to 10 pesos to trading ships. Conduct Trap Canyon near Bixby Creek was ane of their favorite sites for trapping grizzly bears along the central California coast.[14] [15]

Bear-baiting events flourished as popular spectacles in 19th century California.[xvi] Bloody fights that pitted bears against bulls[5] often inspired betting as to whether the acquit or the balderdash would win. I persistently popular, but false[17] phrase origin story related to these fights stems from famous 19th-century newspaperman Horace Greeley. While visiting California Greeley allegedly witnessed such a fight, and supposedly gave the modern stock market place its "bear" and "bull" nicknames based on the fighting styles of the 2 animals: the deport swipes downward while the bull hooks upward. In truth, the phrase's origins predate Greeley'due south 1859 journeying to California by at to the lowest degree 100 years,[18] but the myth of the California connexion persists.

The Monterey County Herald noted on July 4, 1874:

Final Monday, Captain A. Smith, who resides about ten miles from town, in the Carmel Valley, succeeded in poisoning a large grizzly bear. Bruin had been annoying the neighborhood by destroying cattle, etc., for several years past, and all efforts to exterminate him seem futile. In some manner, however, he was induced partake of that "cold pizen" the captain had prepared for his special benefit. He is not likely to echo his experiment.[11]

European settlers paid bounties on the bears who regularly preyed on livestock until the early 20th century.[19] [20] : 4 Absolom (Rocky) Beasley hunted grizzly bears throughout the Santa Lucia Mountains and claimed to have killed 139 bears in his lifetime.[21] Noted California mount human being Seth Kinman claimed to have shot over 800 grizzly bears in a 20 year menstruum in the areas surrounding nowadays day Humboldt County. One prospector in Southern California, William F. Holcomb (nicknamed "Grizzly Bill" Holcomb), was particularly well known for hunting grizzly bears in what is now San Bernardino Canton.

The final hunted California grizzly conduct was shot in Tulare Canton, California, in Baronial 1922, although no body, skeleton or pelt was ever produced. Less than 75 years after the discovery of aureate in 1848, most every grizzly conduct in California had been tracked down and killed. In 1924, what was thought to exist a grizzly was spotted in Sequoia National Park for the last time and thereafter, grizzlies were never seen again in California.[8] [22] [23]

Reintroduction [edit]

California however has habitat that tin sustain about 500 grizzlies.[24] In 2014, the U.Southward. Fish and Wildlife Service received and rejected a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to California.[25] [26] In 2015, the Center for Biological Multifariousness launched a petition aimed at the California state legislature to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the state.[27] [28] [29] The California grizzly behave has been considered as a possible candidate for attempts at de-extinction, through the proposed utilise of back-convenance, cloning and genetic engineering to recreate extinct species.[thirty]

Symbolism [edit]

The California grizzly bear is i of the state's nigh visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the land flag and seal. The Bear Flag outset flew in 1846 every bit a symbol of the brusque-lived California Commonwealth. A 2d version was adopted equally the state flag by the state legislature in 1911.[31] The bear symbol became a permanent role of the land seal in 1849. The California grizzly carry was designated the official state animal in 1953.[32] [33] The bear is historic in proper name and every bit mascot of the sports teams of the Academy of California, Berkeley (the California Golden Bears), and of the University of California, Los Angeles (the UCLA Bruins) and in the mascot of University of California, Riverside (Scottie the Bear, dressed in a Highland kilt). The California Maritime University operates a training transport named Golden Bear.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Merriam 1896, pp. 76–77
  2. ^ Wright, William Henry (1909), The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous
  3. ^ Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named". Daily Commonwealth. Retrieved v May 2011.
  4. ^ a b Miller, C.; Waits, L.; Joyce, P. (2006). "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the face-to-face Us and Mexico". Mol Ecol. 15 (14): 4477–4485. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x. PMID 17107477. S2CID 7336900.
  5. ^ a b c Storer, T.I.; Tevis, L.P. (1996). California Grizzly. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 335, 42–187. ISBN978-0-520-20520-8. Archived from the original on 1955.
  6. ^ Rausch, Robert L. (July 1953). "On the Status of some Arctic Mammals". Journal of the Arctic Establish of N America. Kinesthesia Publications from the Harold Westward. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. Newspaper 497. 6 (2).
  7. ^ Stephens, Tim (14 March 2013), DNA Report Clarifies Human relationship Betwixt Polar Bears and Brown Bears, Newscenter: University Of California, Santa Cruz
  8. ^ a b c "Valley Eye History Museum". Retrieved 2018-10-sixteen .
  9. ^ "California grizzly acquit (extinct)". Retrieved 2018-10-16 .
  10. ^ "Los Altos: The Historical Context" (PDF). The City of Los Altos. April 2011. p. II-1.
  11. ^ a b c d eastward Miller, Adam (14 January 2021). "The Folklore of Large Sur | Adam Miller - Folksinger and Storyteller". Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography". www.sierracollege.edu . Retrieved 2021-eleven-13 .
  13. ^ Cross, Robert (2010). Big Sur Tales. Bloomington, IN. ISBN978-1456711498.
  14. ^ Williams, Dear Redwood Sanctuary Mid -Declension Investments
  15. ^ "Stories | California History - Juan becomes a Rancher". thisweekincaliforniahistory.com . Retrieved xvi March 2018.
  16. ^ "The Vicious Bull-and-Bear Fights of 19th-Century California". Retrieved 2018-x-16 .
  17. ^ "Bull, n1 III.8.a." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Spider web. 20 Jan 2015.
  18. ^ "The History of 'Bull' and 'Bear' Markets". Retrieved 2018-10-16 .
  19. ^ Woolfenden, John (1981). Large Sur: A Boxing for the Wilderness 1869–1981. Pacific Grove, California: The Boxwood Press. p. 72.
  20. ^ Thornton, Stuart. "A Muddied Journey to the Lost City of the Santa Lucias".
  21. ^ "DCQ Summertime Solstice 1999 -- Times Past". world wide web.ventanawild.org. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12.
  22. ^ Johnson, Brett (August nine, 2014). "Bully grizzly comport hunt in Santa Paula backcountry reaps land flag icon, tall tales". Ventura County Star . Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  23. ^ Grinnell, J.; Dixon, J.; Linsdale., J. (1937). Fur bearing animals of California.
  24. ^ Carroll, C.; R. F. Noss; N. H. Schumaker; P. C. Paquet (2001). David Maehr; Reed F. Noss; Jeffery L. Larkin (eds.). Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century (1 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp. 25–46. ISBN978-one-5596-3817-3. Is the render of the wolf, wolverine, and grizzly comport to Oregon and California biologically feasible?
  25. ^ Woody, Todd (twenty Jun 2014). "A New Move to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California". TakePart. Participant Media. Retrieved x November 2015.
  26. ^ "EDITORIAL: Grizzly acquit homecoming?". Fresno Bee. 19 Jul 2014. Retrieved 28 Sep 2015. [ expressionless link ]
  27. ^ "Where are the Bears?". Center for Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on March ten, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  28. ^ Platt, John (28 Jul 2015). "Waving the Flag for the Grizzly's Return to California". TakePart. Participant Media. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  29. ^ Miller, Craig (May 2, 2016). "Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push". KQED Science . Retrieved five May 2016.
  30. ^ Gross, Liza (June 5, 2013). "De-Extinction Argue: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?". KQED Science . Retrieved five May 2016.
  31. ^ Trinkle, William J. (iv August 2013). "A Brief History of the Bear Flag". The Bear Flag Museum. Sacramento, CA USA. Retrieved seven May 2014. The flag soon came to exist called the "Deport Flag" and the insurgency came to be chosen the "Bear Flag Revolt"
  32. ^ "History and Civilization – State Symbols". California State Library. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  33. ^ California State Legislature (1911), "An act to select prefer the behave flag as the land flag of California", The statutes of California and amendments to the codes passed at the thirty-ninth session of the legislature, San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, p. 6, retrieved 24 September 2011

Farther reading [edit]

  • Chocolate-brown, David E. (1996). The Grizzly in the Southwest: Documentary of an Extinction. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0-8061-2880-1.
  • Merriam, C. Hart (xiii April 1896), "Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 10: 65–83 + plates IV–Six, retrieved 23 September 2011
  • Wozencraft, West. C. (2005). "Subspecies Ursus arctos californicus". In Wilson, D. East.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the Earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins Academy Press. p. 589. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  • Merriam, C. Hart (13 Baronial 1914), "Clarification of Thirty evidently New Grizzly and Brown Bears from N America", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 27: 173–196, retrieved 24 September 2011
  • Merriam, C. Hart (6 September 1916), "Nineteen Plainly New Grizzly and Brown Bears from Western America", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 29: 133–154, retrieved 24 September 2011
  • Hall, E. Raymond (10 August 1984), "Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America", Special publication thirteen, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, retrieved 24 September 2011
  • Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006), "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous Usa and Mexico" (PDF), Molecular Ecology, fifteen (14): 4477–4485, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x, PMID 17107477, S2CID 7336900, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012, retrieved 24 September 2011
  • Solnit, Rebecca; Caron, Mona (2010), A California Bestiary, Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, pp. 13–15, ISBN978-1-59714-125-3

External links [edit]

  • "Ursus arctos californicus". Integrated Taxonomic Data System.
  • "Ursus arctos californicus Merriam, 1896" at the Encyclopedia of Life Edit this at Wikidata

Data related to Ursus arctos californicus at Wikispecies

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_grizzly_bear

Posted by: trudeauthersece.blogspot.com

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